Incluir Conjugation in Spanish
The Spanish verb incluir means to include, and it is a verb you will use again and again once you know it. Incluir means to include, and it is the verb for lists, prices, groups and documents: what is inside something, or who is part of it. It appears constantly in instructions, invitations, bills and school texts, usually with en for where something is included, or with the thing included as its direct object. Like every Spanish verb, incluir changes its ending for each person and tense, and this page gives you the complete picture: every tense, every person, the gerund and the past participle, all from the verified conjugation tables. For example, in the present tense you say incluyo el precio en la lista, and in the preterite you say incluí una foto en el informe. Work through the tables below, read the notes for each tense, and then test yourself with the examples, the common mistakes and the quiz at the end of the page.
Quick facts
- Infinitive: incluir
- English: to include
- Verb type: irregular verb
- Ending: -ir
- Gerund: incluyendo
- Past participle: incluido
- Auxiliary verb: haber (all perfect tenses are formed with haber + incluido)
- Pattern to learn: this verb is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo.
Pronunciation is not listed on this page: the verified tables do not include IPA for incluir, so no pronunciation is given rather than an invented one. Incluir is a -uir verb: the i becomes y before a vowel ending, so yo incluyo, not yo incluo.
Full conjugation tables
Every form below comes from the verified conjugation tables for incluir. The imperfect subjunctive is shown in its -ra forms; the -se forms use the same stem. For reflexive verbs, the pronoun column shows the reflexive pronoun that goes before each form.
Present indicative
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluyo |
| tú | incluyes |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluye |
| nosotros/as | incluimos |
| vosotros/as | incluís |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluyen |
Preterite
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluí |
| tú | incluiste |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyó |
| nosotros/as | incluimos |
| vosotros/as | incluisteis |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluyeron |
Imperfect
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluía |
| tú | incluías |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluía |
| nosotros/as | incluíamos |
| vosotros/as | incluíais |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluían |
Future
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluiré |
| tú | incluirás |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluirá |
| nosotros/as | incluiremos |
| vosotros/as | incluiréis |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluirán |
Conditional
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluiría |
| tú | incluirías |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluiría |
| nosotros/as | incluiríamos |
| vosotros/as | incluiríais |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluirían |
Present perfect
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | he incluido |
| tú | has incluido |
| él/ella/Ud. | ha incluido |
| nosotros/as | hemos incluido |
| vosotros/as | habéis incluido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | han incluido |
Pluperfect
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | había incluido |
| tú | habías incluido |
| él/ella/Ud. | había incluido |
| nosotros/as | habíamos incluido |
| vosotros/as | habíais incluido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | habían incluido |
Future perfect
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | habré incluido |
| tú | habrás incluido |
| él/ella/Ud. | habrá incluido |
| nosotros/as | habremos incluido |
| vosotros/as | habréis incluido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | habrán incluido |
Conditional perfect
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | habría incluido |
| tú | habrías incluido |
| él/ella/Ud. | habría incluido |
| nosotros/as | habríamos incluido |
| vosotros/as | habríais incluido |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | habrían incluido |
Present subjunctive
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluya |
| tú | incluyas |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluya |
| nosotros/as | incluyamos |
| vosotros/as | incluyáis |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluyan |
Imperfect subjunctive (-ra)
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| yo | incluyera |
| tú | incluyeras |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluyera |
| nosotros/as | incluyéramos |
| vosotros/as | incluyerais |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluyeran |
Imperative (affirmative)
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| tú | incluye |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluya |
| nosotros/as | incluyamos |
| vosotros/as | incluid |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluyan |
Imperative (negative)
| Person | Form |
|---|---|
| tú | incluyas |
| él/ella/Ud. | incluya |
| nosotros/as | incluyamos |
| vosotros/as | incluyáis |
| ellos/ellas/Uds. | incluyan |
Gerund and past participle
| Form | Spanish | Use |
|---|---|---|
| Gerund | incluyendo | with estar for the progressive: estoy incluyendo |
| Past participle | incluido | with haber for the perfect tenses: he incluido |
How to use each tense
Present indicative
Use the present for routines, general facts and what is happening right now. Note the pattern here: this verb is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. For incluir, the present looks like this in a real sentence: Incluyo el precio en la lista. Learn the present forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Preterite
Use the preterite for finished actions with a clear end, often with ayer, el año pasado or anoche. Note the spelling change here: this verb is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. For incluir, the preterite looks like this in a real sentence: Ayer, incluí a María en el grupo. Learn the preterite forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Imperfect
Use the imperfect for background, habits and actions in progress in the past, often with de niño, antes or mientras. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the imperfect looks like this in a real sentence: De niño, incluía una foto en el informe. Learn the imperfect forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Future
Use the future for plans, predictions and promises, often with mañana, el año que viene or pronto. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the future looks like this in a real sentence: Mañana, incluiré los impuestos en el total. Learn the future forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Conditional
Use the conditional for polite requests, hypotheticals and what would happen, often with si clauses. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the conditional looks like this in a real sentence: Incluiría el precio en la lista si pudiera. Learn the conditional forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Present perfect
Use the present perfect for recent actions and experiences, often with hoy, esta semana or ya. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the present perfect looks like this in a real sentence: Hoy, he incluido a María en el grupo. Learn the present perfect forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Pluperfect
Use the pluperfect when one past action happened before another past action. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the pluperfect looks like this in a real sentence: Había incluido una foto en el informe antes de salir. Learn the pluperfect forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Future perfect
Use the future perfect for something that will already be finished by a future time. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the future perfect looks like this in a real sentence: Para mañana, habré incluido los impuestos en el total. Learn the future perfect forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Conditional perfect
Use the conditional perfect for what would have happened under different conditions. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the conditional perfect looks like this in a real sentence: Habría incluido el precio en la lista con más tiempo. Learn the conditional perfect forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Present subjunctive
Use the present subjunctive after expressions of wish, doubt, emotion and hope, such as espero que or quiero que. Note the spelling change here: this verb is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. For incluir, the present subjunctive looks like this in a real sentence: Espero que él incluya a María en el grupo. Learn the present subjunctive forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Imperfect subjunctive (-ra)
Use the imperfect subjunctive after past wishes and in si clauses about the past, and note the -ra forms shown here; the -se forms use the same stem. For this verb the tense is regular, so the forms follow the standard endings for its verb class. For incluir, the imperfect subjunctive looks like this in a real sentence: Si él incluyera una foto en el informe, todo cambiaría. Learn the imperfect subjunctive forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Imperative (affirmative)
Use the affirmative imperative for direct commands, instructions and invitations. Note the spelling change here: this verb is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. For incluir, the affirmative imperative looks like this in a real sentence: ¡Incluye los impuestos en el total! Learn the affirmative imperative forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Imperative (negative)
Use the negative imperative, always with no, to tell someone not to do something. Note the spelling change here: this verb is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. For incluir, the negative imperative looks like this in a real sentence: No incluyas el precio en la lista. Learn the negative imperative forms in the table above alongside this example, and notice how the ending, not the stem, usually carries the meaning of the tense.
Example sentences
Ten natural sentences with incluir, covering different tenses and persons. Each one uses a form from the tables above.
- Incluyo el precio en la lista. — I include the price in the list.
- Incluye a María en el grupo. — He/she includes María in the group.
- Ayer, incluí una foto en el informe. — Yesterday, I included a photo in the report.
- Antes, nosotros incluíamos los impuestos en el total. — Before, we used to include the taxes in the total.
- Mañana, tú incluirás el precio en la lista. — Tomorrow, you will include the price in the list.
- Yo incluiría a María en el grupo si tuviera más tiempo. — I would include María in the group if I had more time.
- Él ha incluido una foto en el informe. — He has included a photo in the report.
- Espero que él incluya los impuestos en el total. — I hope he includes the taxes in the total.
- Yo ya había incluido el precio en la lista antes de salir. — I had already included the price in the list before leaving.
- Ellos incluían a María en el grupo cuando eran jóvenes. — They used to include María in the group when they were young.
Common mistakes
- Wrong: Yo incluye el precio en la lista. — Right: Yo incluyo el precio en la lista. — The person matters: incluye is the él/ella/Ud. form, while the yo form is incluyo. Using the third-person form with yo is one of the most common beginner errors.
- Wrong: Yo incluo a María en el grupo. — Right: Yo incluyo a María en el grupo. — Incluir is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. The form incluyo follows that pattern, not the plain stem plus -o.
- Wrong: Treating incluir and excluir as identical in every context. — Right: Incluir means to include, while excluir means to exclude, its opposite. — They overlap, but each has uses the other does not: incluir fits sentences such as Incluyo el precio en la lista, while excluir belongs in a different sentence. Check the meaning you want before choosing.
- Wrong: Yo soy incluido a María en el grupo. — Right: Yo he incluido a María en el grupo. — Spanish perfect tenses use haber, not ser: he incluido, has incluido, ha incluido. Ser plus the participle makes a passive, not a perfect tense.
- Wrong: De niño, yo incluí una foto en el informe todos los días. — Right: De niño, yo incluía una foto en el informe todos los días. — For a repeated habit in the past, use the imperfect (incluía), not the preterite. The preterite (incluí) is for one finished action.
Quiz: test yourself
Ten questions on incluir. Choose the right form, then check the answer key below.
Complete the sentence: Yo ___ el precio en la lista. (present tense) A. incluyo B. incluyes C. incluye D. incluimos
Complete the sentence: Ayer, él ___ a María en el grupo. (preterite) A. incluí B. incluiste C. incluimos D. incluyó
Complete the sentence: Antes, nosotros ___ una foto en el informe. (imperfect) A. incluías B. incluyo C. incluíamos D. incluía
Complete the sentence: Mañana, tú ___ los impuestos en el total. (future) A. incluiremos B. incluirás C. incluiré D. incluirá
Complete the sentence: Yo ___ el precio en la lista si pudiera. (conditional) A. incluiría B. incluirías C. incluiríamos D. incluyo
Complete the sentence: Espero que él ___ a María en el grupo. (present subjunctive) A. incluyas B. incluyamos C. incluyo D. incluya
Complete the sentence: Si yo ___ una foto en el informe, todo cambiaría. (imperfect subjunctive, -ra form) A. incluyéramos B. incluyo C. incluyera D. incluyeras
Complete the sentence: Nosotros ___ los impuestos en el total. (present perfect) A. ha incluido B. hemos incluido C. he incluido D. has incluido
Complete the command: ¡___ el precio en la lista! (affirmative imperative, tú) A. incluye B. incluya C. incluyamos D. incluid
Which is the gerund of incluir, used with estar for the progressive? A. incluido B. incluyo C. incluí D. incluyendo
Answer key
- incluyo — The yo present tense of incluir is incluyo.
- incluyó — The él/ella/Ud. preterite of incluir is incluyó.
- incluíamos — The nosotros/as imperfect of incluir is incluíamos.
- incluirás — The tú future of incluir is incluirás.
- incluiría — The yo conditional of incluir is incluiría.
- incluya — The él/ella/Ud. present subjunctive of incluir is incluya.
- incluyera — The yo imperfect subjunctive, -ra form of incluir is incluyera.
- hemos incluido — The nosotros/as present perfect of incluir is hemos incluido.
- incluye — The affirmative tú imperative of incluir is incluye.
- incluyendo — The gerund of incluir is incluyendo: estoy incluyendo. The participle incluido is used with haber instead.
Frequently asked questions
What does incluir mean in English?
Incluir means to include. It is used in everyday situations such as Incluyo el precio en la lista. The exact English wording depends on the context, but the core meaning stays the same across the tenses.
Is incluir regular or irregular?
Incluir is a spelling-change verb: it is a -uir verb: the stem vowel i becomes y before a vowel ending, so the present is incluyo and incluye, and the gerund is incluyendo. The endings are regular, so once you know the pattern you can produce every form on this page, including incluyo in the present and incluí in the preterite.
What is the difference between incluir and excluir?
Incluir means to include, while excluir means to exclude, its opposite. They are easy to confuse because they appear in similar situations, but they are not interchangeable: use incluir when you mean to include, as in Incluyo el precio en la lista, and use excluir for to exclude, its opposite. When in doubt, check the object of the sentence — it usually shows which verb fits.
How do I say “I include” in the past?
It depends on the kind of past. For one finished action, use the preterite: yo incluí a María en el grupo. For a repeated habit or background in the past, use the imperfect: yo incluía una foto en el informe. For something that has just happened, use the present perfect: yo he incluido a María en el grupo.
How do I practise incluir?
Start with the present tense table, then drill the preterite and the imperfect, since those two past tenses cause the most mistakes. Try the incluir examples and quiz page for more sentences, and use the Spanish Verb Quiz to test the forms under pressure.
Related links
- Incluir in the present tense — the full present-tense table for incluir.
- Incluir examples and quiz — more example sentences and practice for incluir.
- Spanish verbs — the Spanish hub, with every verb and tense guide.
- Complete list of Spanish irregular verbs — where this verb's pattern is listed.
- Influir conjugation — another -ir verb to compare with incluir.
- Insistir conjugation — another -ir verb to compare with incluir.
- Interrumpir conjugation — another -ir verb to compare with incluir.
- Spanish Verb Conjugator — conjugate any Spanish verb in every tense.
- Spanish Verb Quiz — test yourself on real conjugated forms.